Very short-lived halogens amplify ozone depletion tendencies within the tropical decrease stratosphere

Farman, J. C., Gardiner, B. G. & Shanklin, J. D. Giant losses of whole ozone in Antarctica reveal seasonal ClO_x/NO_x interplay. Nature 315, 207–210 (1985).

CAS 

Google Scholar 

Solomon, S., Garcia, R. R., Rowland, F. S. & Wuebbles, D. J. On the depletion of Antarctic ozone. Nature 321, 755–758 (1986).

CAS 

Google Scholar 

Solomon, S. Stratospheric ozone depletion: a assessment of ideas and historical past. Rev. Geophys. 37, 275–316 (1999).

CAS 

Google Scholar 

Scientific Evaluation of Ozone Depletion: 2018, World Ozone Analysis and Monitoring Mission. Report No. 58, 588 (World Meteorological Group, 2018).

Chipperfield, M. P. et al. On the reason for current variations in decrease stratospheric ozone. Geophys. Res. Lett. 45, 5718–5726 (2018).

Google Scholar 

Petropavlovskikh, I. et al. SPARC/IO3C/GAW Report on Lengthy-term Ozone Tendencies and Uncertainties within the Stratosphere. Report No. 9, WCRP-17/2018, GAW Report No. 241 (SPARC/IO3C/GAW, 2019); https://doi.org/10.17874/f899e57a20b

Solomon, S. et al. Emergence of therapeutic within the Antarctic ozone layer. Science 353, 269–274 (2016).

CAS 

Google Scholar 

Godin-Beekmann, S. et al. Up to date tendencies of the stratospheric ozone vertical distribution within the 60° S–60° N latitude vary primarily based on the LOTUS regression mannequin. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 22, 11657–11673 (2022).

CAS 

Google Scholar 

Ball, W. T. et al. Proof for a steady decline in decrease stratospheric ozone offsetting ozone layer restoration. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 18, 1379–1394 (2018).

CAS 

Google Scholar 

Engel, A. et al. Replace on Ozone-Depleting Substances (ODSs) and Different Gases of Curiosity to the Montreal Protocol, Chapter 1 in Scientific Evaluation of Ozone Depletion: 2018, World Ozone Analysis and Monitoring Mission. Report No. 58 (World Meteorological Group, 2018).

Iglesias-Suarez, F. et al. Key drivers of ozone change and its radiative forcing over the twenty first century. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 18, 6121–6139 (2018).

CAS 

Google Scholar 

Butchart, N. The Brewer–Dobson circulation. Rev. Geophys. 52, 157–184 (2014).

Google Scholar 

Karpechko, A. Y. et al. Stratospheric Ozone Modifications and Local weather. Scientific Evaluation of Ozone Depletion: 2018 (World Meteorological Group, 2019).

Newman, P. A. & McKenzie, R. UV impacts averted by the Montreal Protocol. Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 10, 1152–1160 (2011).

CAS 

Google Scholar 

Bais, A. F. et al. Ozone–local weather interactions and results on photo voltaic ultraviolet radiation. Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 18, 602–640 (2019).

CAS 

Google Scholar 

Riese, M. et al. Affect of uncertainties in atmospheric mixing on simulated UTLS composition and associated radiative results. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 117, 1–10 (2012).

Google Scholar 

Salawitch, R. J. et al. Sensitivity of ozone to bromine within the decrease stratosphere. Geophys. Res. Lett. 32, 1–5 (2005).

Google Scholar 

Hossaini, R. et al. Effectivity of short-lived halogens at influencing local weather by way of depletion of stratospheric ozone. Nat. Geosci. 8, 186–190 (2015).

CAS 

Google Scholar 

Saiz-Lopez, A. et al. Injection of iodine to the stratosphere. Geophys. Res. Lett. 42, 6852–6859 (2015).

CAS 

Google Scholar 

Fernandez, R. P., Kinnison, D. E., Lamarque, J. F., Tilmes, S. & Saiz-Lopez, A. Affect of biogenic very short-lived bromine on the Antarctic ozone gap throughout the twenty first century. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 17, 1673–1688 (2017).

CAS 

Google Scholar 

Hossaini, R. et al. Development in stratospheric chlorine from short-lived chemical compounds not managed by the Montreal Protocol. Geophys. Res. Lett. 42, 4573–4580 (2015).

CAS 

Google Scholar 

Carpenter, L. J. & Liss, P. S. On temperate sources of bromoform and different reactive natural bromine gases. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 105, 20539–20547 (2000).

CAS 

Google Scholar 

Salawitch, R. J. Biogenic bromine. Nature 439, 275–277 (2006).

CAS 

Google Scholar 

Aschmann, J., Sinnhuber, B.-M., Chipperfield, M. P. & Hossaini, R. Affect of deep convection and dehydration on bromine loading within the higher troposphere and decrease stratosphere. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 11, 2671–2687 (2011).

CAS 

Google Scholar 

Fernandez, R. P. et al. Intercomparison between surrogate, express, and full remedies of VSL bromine chemistry throughout the CAM-Chem Chemistry–Local weather Mannequin. Geophys. Res. Lett. 48, 1–10 (2021).

Google Scholar 

Claxton, T. et al. A synthesis inversion to constrain world emissions of two very quick lived chlorocarbons: dichloromethane, and perchloroethylene. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 125, e2019JD031818 (2020).

CAS 

Google Scholar 

Hossaini, R. et al. Latest tendencies in stratospheric chlorine from very short-lived substances. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 124, 2318–2335 (2019).

CAS 

Google Scholar 

An, M. et al. Fast improve in dichloromethane emissions from China inferred by way of atmospheric observations. Nat. Commun. 12, 7279 (2021).

CAS 

Google Scholar 

Fang, X. et al. Fast improve in ozone-depleting chloroform emissions from China. Nat. Geosci. 12, 89–93 (2019).

CAS 

Google Scholar 

Daniel, J. S., Solomon, S., Portmann, R. W. & Garcia, R. R. Stratospheric ozone destruction: the significance of bromine relative to chlorine. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 104, 23871–23880 (1999).

CAS 

Google Scholar 

Koenig, T. Ok. et al. Quantitative detection of iodine within the stratosphere. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 117, 1860–1866 (2020).

CAS 

Google Scholar 

Solomon, S., Garcia, R. R. & Ravishankara, A. R. On the function of iodine in ozone depletion. J. Geophys. Res. 99, 491–499 (1994).

Google Scholar 

Karagodin-Doyennel, A. et al. Iodine chemistry within the chemistry–local weather mannequin SOCOL-AERv2-I. Geosci. Mannequin Dev. 14, 6623–6645 (2021).

Google Scholar 

Cuevas, C. A. et al. The affect of iodine on the Antarctic stratospheric ozone gap. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 119, 1–10 (2022).

Google Scholar 

Klobas, J. E., Hansen, J., Weisenstein, D. Ok., Kennedy, R. P. & Wilmouth, D. M. Sensitivity of iodine-mediated stratospheric ozone loss chemistry to future chemistry–local weather situations. Entrance. Earth Sci. 9, 1–12 (2021).

Google Scholar 

Falk, S. et al. Brominated VSLS and their affect on ozone beneath a altering local weather. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 17, 11313–11329 (2017).

CAS 

Google Scholar 

Ball, W. T. et al. Stratospheric ozone tendencies for 1985–2018: sensitivity to current giant variability. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 19, 12731–12748 (2019).

CAS 

Google Scholar 

Tilmes, S. et al. Illustration of the Group Earth System Mannequin (CESM1) CAM4-chem throughout the Chemistry–Local weather Mannequin Initiative (CCMI). Geosci. Mannequin Dev. 9, 1853–1890 (2016).

CAS 

Google Scholar 

Ball, W. T. et al. Reconciling variations in stratospheric ozone composites. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 17, 12269–12302 (2017).

CAS 

Google Scholar 

McPhaden, M. J., Zebiak, S. E. & Glantz, M. H. ENSO as an integrating idea in earth science. Science 314, 1740–1745 (2006).

CAS 

Google Scholar 

Calvo, N., Garcia, R. R., Randel, W. J. & Marsh, D. R. Dynamical mechanism for the rise in tropical upwelling within the lowermost tropical stratosphere throughout heat ENSO occasions. J. Atmos. Sci. 67, 2331–2340 (2010).

Google Scholar 

Baldwin, M. P. et al. The quasi-biennial oscillation. Rev. Geophys. 39, 179–229 (2001).

Google Scholar 

Diallo, M. et al. Response of stratospheric water vapor and ozone to the weird timing of El Niño and the QBO disruption in 2015–2016. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 18, 13055–13073 (2018).

CAS 

Google Scholar 

Jonsson, A. I., de Grandpre, J., Fomichev, V. I., McConnell, J. C. & Beagley, S. R. Doubled CO₂-induced cooling within the center ambiance: photochemical evaluation of the ozone radiative suggestions. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 109, D24103 (2004).

Google Scholar 

Dietmüller, S., Garny, H., Eichinger, R. & Ball, W. Evaluation of current lower-stratospheric ozone tendencies in chemistry local weather fashions. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 21, 6811–6837 (2021).

Google Scholar 

van Vuuren, D. P. et al. The consultant focus pathways: an summary. Clim. Change 109, 5–31 (2011).

Google Scholar 

Iglesias-Suarez, F. et al. Pure halogens buffer tropospheric ozone in a altering local weather. Nat. Clim. Change 10, 147–154 (2020).

CAS 

Google Scholar 

Iglesias-Suarez, F., Younger, P. J. & Wild, O. Stratospheric ozone change and associated local weather impacts over 1850–2100 as modelled by the ACCMIP ensemble. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 16, 343–363 (2016).

CAS 

Google Scholar 

Eyring, V. et al. Sensitivity of twenty first century stratospheric ozone to greenhouse fuel situations. Geophys. Res. Lett. 37, L16807 (2010).

Google Scholar 

Ball, W. T., Chiodo, G., Abalos, M., Alsing, J. & Stenke, A. Inconsistencies between chemistry–local weather fashions and noticed decrease stratospheric ozone tendencies since 1998. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 20, 9737–9752 (2020).

CAS 

Google Scholar 

Lamarque, J. F. et al. CAM-chem: description and analysis of interactive atmospheric chemistry within the Group Earth System Mannequin. Geosci. Mannequin Dev. 5, 369–411 (2012).

Google Scholar 

Neale, R. B. et al. The imply local weather of the Group Environment Mannequin (CAM4) in pressured SST and absolutely coupled experiments. J. Clim. 26, 5150–5168 (2013).

Google Scholar 

Saiz-Lopez, A. et al. Estimating the local weather significance of halogen-driven ozone loss within the tropical marine troposphere. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 12, 3939–3949 (2012).

CAS 

Google Scholar 

Saiz-Lopez, A. et al. Iodine chemistry within the troposphere and its impact on ozone. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 14, 13119–13143 (2014).

Google Scholar 

Fernandez, R. P., Salawitch, R. J., Kinnison, D. E., Lamarque, J. F. & Saiz-Lopez, A. Bromine partitioning within the tropical tropopause layer: implications for stratospheric injection. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 14, 13391–13410 (2014).

Google Scholar 

Ordóñez, C. et al. Bromine and iodine chemistry in a world chemistry–local weather mannequin: description and analysis of very short-lived oceanic sources. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 12, 1423–1447 (2012).

Google Scholar 

Ziska, F., Quack, B., Tegtmeier, S., Stemmler, I. & Krüger, Ok. Future emissions of marine halogenated very-short lived substances beneath local weather change. J. Atmos. Chem. 74, 245–260 (2017).

CAS 

Google Scholar 

Ziska, F. et al. World sea-to-air flux climatology for bromoform, dibromomethane and methyl iodide. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 13, 8915–8934 (2013).

Google Scholar 

Maas, J. et al. Simulations of anthropogenic bromoform point out excessive emissions on the coast of East Asia. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 21, 4103–4121 (2021).

CAS 

Google Scholar 

Hossaini, R. et al. The growing menace to stratospheric ozone from dichloromethane. Nat. Commun. 8, 15962 (2017).

CAS 

Google Scholar 

Prados-Roman, C. et al. A unfavorable suggestions between anthropogenic ozone air pollution and enhanced ocean emissions of iodine. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 15, 2215–2224 (2015).

CAS 

Google Scholar 

Hurrell, J. W., Hack, J. J., Shea, D., Caron, J. M. & Rosinski, J. A brand new sea floor temperature and sea ice boundary dataset for the Group Environment Mannequin. J. Clim. 21, 5145–5153 (2008).

Google Scholar 

Orbe, C. et al. Tropospheric transport variations between fashions utilizing the identical large-scale meteorological fields. Geophys. Res. Lett. 44, 1068–1078 (2017).

Google Scholar 

Chrysanthou, A. et al. The impact of atmospheric nudging on the stratospheric residual circulation in chemistry–local weather fashions. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 19, 11559–11586 (2019).

CAS 

Google Scholar 

Davis, N. A. et al. A complete evaluation of tropical stratospheric upwelling within the specified dynamics Group Earth System Mannequin 1.2.2—Entire Environment Group Local weather Mannequin (CESM (WACCM)). Geosci. Mannequin Dev. 13, 717–734 (2020).

Google Scholar 

Davis, N. A., Callaghan, P., Simpson, I. R. & Tilmes, S. Specified dynamics scheme impacts on wave-mean circulation dynamics, convection, and tracer transport in CESM2 (WACCM6). Atmos. Chem. Phys. 22, 197–214 (2022).

CAS 

Google Scholar 

Meinshausen, M. et al. The RCP greenhouse fuel concentrations and their extensions from 1765 to 2300. Clim. Change 109, 213–241 (2011).

CAS 

Google Scholar 

Alsing, J. & Ball, W. BASIC composite ozone time-series knowledge, model 3. Mendeley Knowledge https://doi.org/10.17632/2mgx2xzzpk.3 (2019).

Villamayor, J. et al. Dataset for very short-lived halogens amplify current and future ozone depletion tendencies within the tropical decrease stratosphere – Villamayor et al., 2023 – NCC, model 1. Mendeley Knowledge https://doi.org/10.17632/bmjnwmdd2s.1 (2023).